Why is gpl 3 bad

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Workday adds scheduling, labor optimization tools for frontline workers Cloud. Coursera introduces LevelSets proficiency tests Enterprise Software. Our lawyers have told us that to be in the best position to enforce the GPL in court against violators, we should keep the copyright status of the program as simple as possible. We do this by asking each contributor to either assign the copyright on contributions to the FSF, or disclaim copyright on contributions.

We also ask individual contributors to get copyright disclaimers from their employers if any so that we can be sure those employers won't claim to own the contributions. Of course, if all the contributors put their code in the public domain, there is no copyright with which to enforce the GPL. So we encourage people to assign copyright on large code contributions, and only put small changes in the public domain.

If you want to make an effort to enforce the GPL on your program, it is probably a good idea for you to follow a similar policy. It is possible to make modified versions of the GPL, but it tends to have practical consequences. You can legally use the GPL terms possibly modified in another license provided that you call your license by another name and do not include the GPL preamble, and provided you modify the instructions-for-use at the end enough to make it clearly different in wording and not mention GNU though the actual procedure you describe may be similar.

For this purpose we would want to check the actual license requirements to see if we approve of them. Although we will not raise legal objections to your making a modified license in this way, we hope you will think twice and not do it. Such a modified license is almost certainly incompatible with the GNU GPL , and that incompatibility blocks useful combinations of modules.

The mere proliferation of different free software licenses is a burden in and of itself. Thus, for instance, you must make the source code available to the users of the program as described in the GPL, and they must be allowed to redistribute and modify it as described in the GPL. These requirements are the condition for including the GPL-covered code you received in a program of your own.

The GPL defines this as the preferred form of the work for making changes in it. However, for manuals and textbooks, or more generally any sort of work that is meant to teach a subject, we recommend using the GFDL rather than the GPL.

See this article for details. It works as designed, intended, and expected. Nothing required Y to agree to any other license for its code. Therefore, X must get Y's permission before releasing that code under another license.

You cannot incorporate GPL-covered software in a proprietary system. The goal of the GPL is to grant everyone the freedom to copy, redistribute, understand, and modify a program. If you could incorporate GPL-covered software into a nonfree system, it would have the effect of making the GPL-covered software nonfree too. A system incorporating a GPL-covered program is an extended version of that program. This is for two reasons: to make sure that users who get the software get the freedom they should have, and to encourage people to give back improvements that they make.

However, in many cases you can distribute the GPL-covered software alongside your proprietary system. To do this validly, you must make sure that the free and nonfree programs communicate at arms length, that they are not combined in a way that would make them effectively a single program. The substantive part is this: if the two programs are combined so that they become effectively two parts of one program, then you can't treat them as two separate programs.

So the GPL has to cover the whole thing. If the two programs remain well separated, like the compiler and the kernel, or like an editor and a shell, then you can treat them as two separate programs—but you have to do it properly. The issue is simply one of form: how you describe what you are doing. Why do we care about this? Because we want to make sure the users clearly understand the free status of the GPL-covered software in the collection. But if they know that what they have received is a free program plus another program, side by side, their rights will be clear.

But if you were to incorporate them both in a larger program, that whole would include the GPL-covered part, so it would have to be licensed as a whole under the GNU GPL.

The fact that proprietary module A communicates with GPL-covered module C only through Xlicensed module B is legally irrelevant; what matters is the fact that module C is included in the whole. The exception is meant to allow people to distribute programs compiled with GCC under terms of their choice, even when parts of these libraries are included in the executable as part of the compilation process.

There are two reasons for this. First, a general one. If we permitted company A to make a proprietary file, and company B to distribute GPL-covered software linked with that file, the effect would be to make a hole in the GPL big enough to drive a truck through. This would be carte blanche for withholding the source code for all sorts of modifications and extensions to GPL-covered software. Giving all users access to the source code is one of our main goals, so this consequence is definitely something we want to avoid.

More concretely, the versions of the programs linked with the Money Guzzler libraries would not really be free software as we understand the term—they would not come with full source code that enables users to change and recompile the program.

If the license of module Q permits you to give permission for that, then it is GPL-compatible. Otherwise, it is not GPL-compatible. If the license for Q says in no uncertain terms that you must do certain things not compatible with the GPL when you redistribute Q on its own, then it does not permit you to distribute Q under the GPL. So you cannot link or combine P with Q. The whole point of the GPL is that all modified versions must be free software —which means, in particular, that the source code of the modified version is available to the users.

The general rule is, if you distribute binaries, you must distribute the complete corresponding source code too. The exception for the case where you received a written offer for source code is quite limited. Version 3 of the GPL allows this; see option 6 b for the full details. Under version 2, you're certainly free to offer source via FTP, and most users will get it from there.

However, if any of them would rather get the source on physical media by mail, you are required to provide that. Yes, you can. The offer must be open to everyone who has a copy of the binary that it accompanies.

This is why the GPL says your friend must give you a copy of the offer along with a copy of the binary—so you can take advantage of it. Section 6 d allows this. However, you must provide clear instructions people can follow to obtain the source, and you must take care to make sure that the source remains available for as long as you distribute the object code.

No, you must supply the source code that corresponds to the binary. Corresponding source means the source from which users can rebuild the same binary. Part of the idea of free software is that users should have access to the source code for the programs they use. Those using your version should have access to the source code for your version. A major goal of the GPL is to build up the Free World by making sure that improvement to a free program are themselves free.

This is a well-meaning request, but this method of providing the source doesn't really do the job. A user that wants the source a year from now may be unable to get the proper version from another site at that time.

The standard distribution site may have a newer version, but the same diffs probably won't work with that version. If you make object code available on a network server, you have to provide the Corresponding Source on a network server as well. The easiest way to do this would be to publish them on the same server, but if you'd like, you can alternatively provide instructions for getting the source from another server, or even a version control system.

No matter what you do, the source should be just as easy to access as the object code, though. This is all specified in section 6 d of GPLv3. The sources you provide must correspond exactly to the binaries. In particular, you must make sure they are for the same version of the program—not an older version and not a newer version. You don't have to make sure of this.

As long as you make the source and binaries available so that the users can see what's available and take what they want, you have done what is required of you. It is up to the user whether to download the source. Our requirements for redistributors are intended to make sure the users can get the source code, not to force users to download the source code even if they don't want it.

Complete corresponding source means the source that the binaries were made from, but that does not imply your tools must be able to make a binary that is an exact hash of the binary you are distributing. In some cases it could be nearly impossible to build a binary from source with an exact hash of the binary being distributed — consider the following examples: a system might put timestamps in binaries; or the program might have been built against a different even unreleased compiler version.

The GPL permits anyone to make a modified version and use it without ever distributing it to others. What this company is doing is a special case of that. Therefore, the company does not have to release the modified sources. Compare this to a situation where the web site contains or links to separate GPLed programs that are distributed to the user when they visit the web site often written in JavaScript , but other languages are used as well.

In this situation the source code for the programs being distributed must be released to the user under the terms of the GPL.

The GNU Affero GPL requires that modified versions of the software offer all users interacting with it over a computer network an opportunity to receive the source. What the company is doing falls under that meaning, so the company must release the modified source code. No, in that case the organization is just making the copies for itself.

As a consequence, a company or other organization can develop a modified version and install that version through its own facilities, without giving the staff permission to release that modified version to outsiders. However, when the organization transfers copies to other organizations or individuals, that is distribution. In particular, providing copies to contractors for use off-site is distribution.

If the version has been released elsewhere, then the thief probably does have the right to make copies and redistribute them under the GPL, but if the thief is imprisoned for stealing the CD, they may have to wait until their release before doing so. If the version in question is unpublished and considered by a company to be its trade secret, then publishing it may be a violation of trade secret law, depending on other circumstances.

The GPL does not change that. If the company tried to release its version and still treat it as a trade secret, that would violate the GPL, but if the company hasn't released this version, no such violation has occurred. The company has violated the GPL and will have to cease distribution of that program. Note how this differs from the theft case above; the company does not intentionally distribute a copy when a copy is stolen, so in that case the company has not violated the GPL.

But it is making two contradictory statements about what you can do with that program: that you can redistribute it, and that you can't. It would make sense to demand clarification of the terms for use of that program before you accept a copy. Using the Lesser GPL for any particular library constitutes a retreat for free software. It means we partially abandon the attempt to defend the users' freedom, and some of the requirements to share what is built on top of GPL-covered software.

In themselves, those are changes for the worse. Sometimes a localized retreat is a good strategy. Sometimes, using the LGPL for a library might lead to wider use of that library, and thus to more improvement for it, wider support for free software, and so on.

This could be good for free software if it happens to a large extent. But how much will this happen? We can only speculate. But this is not feasible. Once we use the LGPL for a particular library, changing back would be difficult. So we decide which license to use for each library on a case-by-case basis. There is a long explanation of how we judge the question.

Maximizing the number of users is not our aim. Rather, we are trying to give the crucial freedoms to as many users as possible. In general, proprietary software projects hinder rather than help the cause of freedom. We do occasionally make license exceptions to assist a project which is producing free software under a license other than the GPL. However, we have to see a good reason why this will advance the cause of free software.

We also do sometimes change the distribution terms of a package, when that seems clearly the right way to serve the cause of free software; but we are very cautious about this, so you will have to show us very convincing reasons. From time to time, at intervals of years, we change the GPL—sometimes to clarify it, sometimes to permit certain kinds of use not previously permitted, and sometimes to tighten up a requirement. The last two changes were in and If each program lacked the indirect pointer, we would be forced to discuss the change at length with numerous copyright holders, which would be a virtual impossibility.

In practice, the chance of having uniform distribution terms for GNU software would be nil. If the new GPL version gives additional permission, that permission will be available immediately to all the users of the program. But if the new GPL version has a tighter requirement, it will not restrict use of the current version of the program, because it can still be used under GPL version 3. If a tighter requirement in a new version of the GPL need not be obeyed for existing software, how is it useful?

Then users will have to follow the tighter requirements in GPL version 4, for subsequent versions of the program. However, developers are not obligated to do this; developers can continue allowing use of the previous version of the GPL, if that is their preference. The reason you shouldn't do that is that it could result some day in withdrawing automatically some permissions that the users previously had.

At that time, people could have used it under GPLv2. Some users may not even have known about GPL version 3—but they would have been required to use it. They could have violated the program's license unintentionally just because they did not get the news.

That's a bad way to treat people. We think it is wrong to take back permissions already granted, except due to a violation.

If your freedom could be revoked, then it isn't really freedom. Thus, if you get a copy of a program version under one version of a license, you should always have the rights granted by that version of the license. The GPL was designed for programs; it contains lots of complex clauses that are crucial for programs, but that would be cumbersome and unnecessary for a book or manual.

Meanwhile, the GFDL has clauses that help publishers of free manuals make a profit from selling copies—cover texts, for instance.

The special rules for Endorsements sections make it possible to use the GFDL for an official standard. Using the GFDL, we permit changes in the text of a manual that covers its technical topic. It is important to be able to change the technical parts, because people who change a program ought to change the documentation to correspond. The freedom to do this is an ethical imperative. Our manuals also include sections that state our political position about free software.

Font licensing is a complex issue which needs serious consideration. The following license exception is experimental but approved for general use. We welcome suggestions on this subject—please see this this explanatory essay and write to licensing gnu. To use this exception, add this text to the license notice of each file in the package to the extent possible , at the end of the text that says the file is distributed under the GNU GPL:.

As a special exception, if you create a document which uses this font, and embed this font or unaltered portions of this font into the document, this font does not by itself cause the resulting document to be covered by the GNU General Public License.

This exception does not however invalidate any other reasons why the document might be covered by the GNU General Public License. If you modify this font, you may extend this exception to your version of the font, but you are not obligated to do so. If you do not wish to do so, delete this exception statement from your version. Templates are minor enough that it is not worth using copyleft to protect them. It is normally harmless to use copyleft on minor works, but templates are a special case, because they are combined with data provided by users of the application and the combination is distributed.

So, we recommend that you license your templates under simple permissive terms. Some templates make calls into JavaScript functions. Since Javascript is often non-trivial, it is worth copylefting.

A line needs to be drawn between the JavaScript copylefted , and the user code usually under incompatible terms. So, what is open source? What are the licenses governing it? How do companies violate it? Let me explain. There are two ways to write these programs. One is to write the code, generate the programs, and keep the source code for yourself.

This is known as a proprietary program or closed source. The other is exactly the same, except that at the end you release the source code for everyone to see. This is open source. What people can do with your source code depends on the license you use to publish it More about that momentarily. When you purchase proprietary software either via subscription or a one-off fee you need to agree to a long complex license detailing your rights as the consumer and the rights of the producer.

These license agreements are legendarily long and almost no one ever reads them. Open-source software is the same in that it is governed by a license. That license defines your rights and the rights of the authors. There have been three versions of the GPL, and version 2 is the one used by Linux. It basically gives you the freedom to use the software, as well as study and make changes to its source code. You can use the modified version privately without any further action.

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